Renewed Imperialism, 1884-1898

Unseen Economic Forces:Total Industrial Potential

*Sino-French War 1884

Conflict over Annam (Vietnam)

Tributary status

French Protectorate 1874

French troops stationed 1880

French Gunboat Diplomacy, August 1884

Destruction of Qing southern fleet, Aug. 23, 1884

Modern Imperialism’s Influence on Chinese Reform Movement

Qing Dynasty

Korea was tributary state of China

Japanese Meiji Reform Government, 1868

Sino-Japanese conflict over Korea

Japan’s gunboat diplomacy, 1875

Japanese-Korean treaty of 1876

Japan and Korea equal states

Exchange of Envoys

Opening of three ports to Japanese trade

Extraterritorial rights for Japanese citizens

Sino-Korean Treaty 1882

Qing subjects granted extraterritoriality

Loans and gifts of modern weapons

Qing troops in Korea

Is this traditional East Asian diplomacy?

Factional conflict at Korean court

Pro-Japanese insurrection, 1884

Qing successfully intervene

Sino-Japanese treaty, 1884

Korea a co-protectorate

Qing and Japanese withdraw troops

*Sino-Japanese War 1894-5

Tonghak “Eastern Learning” Rebellion in Korea, 1894

March on Seoul

Qing intervention

Japanese response

War not diplomacy

Japanese victory on land

Pyongyang, Korea

Liaodong

Japanese victories over Qing Northern Fleet

Yalu River mouth, Sept. 17, 1894

Weihaiwei, Aug. 10, 1895

Japan's victory in 8 months

David vs. Goliath?

Population, ca. 1895

China, 450 million

Japan, 40 million

Superior “software”

Drill of conscripts

Strategic and tactical training of officers

Superior “hardware”

Smaller, faster ships and guns

Better ammunition

*Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895

Recognized Korean independence

Chinese indemnity: 200,000 million oz. silver

150% of Japan’s war expenses

Japan’s equality with West at treaty ports

Japanese factories in China

Taiwan and *Liaodong to Japan

Why did this treaty encourage Chinese nationalism?

*Scramble for concessions

Germany takes Qingdao, 1897

Beer as a German cultural import, 1903

Russia takes Liaodong, 1898

Britain, 1898

Leased Weihaiwei

Extended lease on Kowloon for 99 years

France

Leased Guangzhou Bay for 99 years

Sphere of influence in SW

Discussion: Liu, "The Man Who Molded Mao: Yang Changji (1871-1920) and the First Generation of Chinese Communists"

Traditional Confucians

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872)

Zhang Daye (1854-?)

World of a Tiny Insect, completed in 1894 (on eve of Sino-Japanese War)

Qing Dynasty Reformers

Kang Youwei (1858-1927)

Yang Changji (1871-1920)

Liang Qichao (1873-1929)

Revolutionaries

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Pa Chin (Ba Jin, 1904-2005)

Family, published in 1931